Gangs of New York - Reality vs. Fiction
Nominated for the Best Picture Oscar at the 2003 Academy Awards, director Martin Scorsese's Gangs of New York brings to life, the 19th-century Manhattan's Five Points neighborhood. But what was it really like to live in what was once the world's most notorious slum?
Gangs of New York – Reality vs. Fiction
Edition By Ted Chamberlain (National Geographic). Visual storytelling and hyperlinks by Lucas Compan
Good-time girls swing from rafters in oversize canary cages, sword-slinging mobs rule the streets, and murder lurks in every corner. This is Manhattan's infamous Five Points slum, inhabited by Leonardo DiCaprio, Cameron Diaz, and Daniel Day-Lewis in Martin Scorsese's Gangs of New York. But is it the real Five Points?
Digging through layers of sediment and stacks of records, archaeologists and historians are unearthing a truer, though no less compelling, picture of the neighborhood Charles Dickens called "a world of vice and misery."
When Dickens reported on Five Points in 1842, the neighborhood was on the edge of an explosion. Spurred on by the Irish Potato Famine of the 1840s, waves of threadbare immigrants arrived in New York City with the wherewithal for only the most miserable lodgings—the drooping tenements of Five Points.
For the next two decades, the Irish ruled Five Points, overcrowding a roughly five-square-block area centered on the intersection of Cross Street (today's Park Street), Anthony Street (today's Worth), and Orange Street (today's Baxter). (Today: Google Street View)
Image: courtesy of the Museum of the City of New York
Five Points in New York City: five-square-block area centered on the intersection of Cross Street (today's Park Street), Anthony Street (today's Worth), and Orange Street (today's Baxter) – modern-day Chinatown. Image: courtesy of the Museum of the City of New York
In Five Points tenements, families and other groups lived crammed into one or two dark rooms. The outhouses were too few and often overflowing. Sewage and pigs ran in the streets. "The whole neighborhood just stank," says historian Tyler Anbinder, who wrote the book Five Points and reviewed the Gangs script for Scorsese.
Some holding camphor-soaked kerchiefs to their noses to ward off the stench, middle-class tourists would go "slumming" in Five Points—escorted by police—to see if the lurid tales given by reporters and missionaries were true.
"Five Points," wrote one Methodist reformer, had become "the synonym for ignorance the most entire, for misery the most abject, for crime of the darkest dye, for degradation so deep that human nature cannot sink below it."
Cheap tenements allowed immigrants to send every spare penny home to Ireland, Germany, or Italy. Photo: Jacob Riis
Much of what was written in newspapers, tracts, and books, says archaeologist Rebecca Yamin, was colored by religious zeal, a desire to sell papers, or plain-old fear. "Middle-class outsiders looked at this neighborhood that was teeming with activity and street people selling food, and it was frightening. They just looked from the outside and assumed it was all very bad."
Exhuming Five Points
Yamin has as clear a view of tenement life as anyone. From 1992 to 1998 she led the team that analyzed 850,000 pieces of the Five Points puzzle—artifacts unearthed during the construction of a federal courthouse in what used to be Five Points. Housed at the World Trade Center, nearly the entire collection was destroyed on 9/11, but not before it had been inventoried for posterity.
Taken together, the artifacts and historical records paint a picture of hard-working immigrants trying to make the best of a bad situation, and to make a home of a hovel. "They were doing what they could do for their families to live respectably," Yamin says. "They had ornaments on their mantels and pictures on their walls and teapots and teacups, and they were eating very well."
Even here meat was often on the table three times a day, animal remains and historical accounts show.
"In the Scorsese's movie you have these scenes in a basement where there are skulls in the corners and people are draped in rags," Yamin says. "We didn't see anything to suggest that people were living like that. There were certainly no skulls rolling around in people's rooms." And few pewter cups, for that matter.
Watching the movie, Yamin says, "the thing I really noticed was those pewter mugs everyone was drinking out of. Well, they stopped drinking out of those in the 18th century."
Yamin recalls showing movie researchers, who visited her team to research period furnishings, the little glass tumblers Five Pointers drank from. Laughing, she says, "In other words, they didn't learn anything from us."
Historian Anbinder agrees with Yamin's appraisal of Five Pointers: "Most of them had real, legal jobs." Many were shoemakers, tailors, masons, grocers, cigar-makers, liquor dealers, and laborers.
"They were saving money, trying to improve their lives and bring loved ones over from Europe." But, he adds, "some of the hard-to-believe stereotypes are true."
Five Points in 1827
"Every House a Brothel"
"Every house was a brothel, and every brothel a hell," wrote Five Points missionary Lewis Pease. New York Tribune reporter George Foster added in 1850, "It is no unusual thing for a mother and her two or three daughters—all of course prostitutes—to receive their 'men' at the same time in the same room."
Their claims aren't so far-fetched, though children seldom worked as prostitutes. In Five Points, Anbinder writes, police records reveal that, "for the blocks radiating from the Five Points intersection, nearly every building did house a brothel" in the 1840s and '50s.
The Real Gangs of New York
Scorsese based his movie on Herbert Asbury's 1927 book "The Gangs of New York–An Informal Story of The Underworld". But the names of the legendary Five Points gangs—the Bowery Boys, the Dead Rabbits, the Plug Uglies, the Short Tails, the Slaughter Houses, the Swamp Angels—may be among the few things that Asbury, who did little original research, got right, according to historians.
The perception of Five Points as an unrelievedly dangerous place is exaggerated, Anbinder says. "I looked at the statistics, and other than public drunkenness and prostitution, there was no more crime in Five Points than in any other part of the city."
The Five Points in 1859, a roughly five-square-block area centered on the intersection of Cross Street (today's Park Street), Anthony Street (today's Worth), and Orange Street (today's Baxter)
"The book The Gangs of New York says there was one tenement where there was a murder a day. At the period of time he was writing about, there was barely a murder a month in all of New York City," Anbinder says.
"Writing in the Al Capone era, Asbury interpreted the Five Points gangs as the precursors of 1920s organized-crime mobs," Anbinder tells. Scorsese, the director of Mafia classics such as Goodfellas and Mean Streets, seizes on this idea in Gangs. "That's one of the big problems with the movie," Anbinder ponders.
The Bowery Boys were a nativist, anti-Catholic, and anti-Irish gang based out of the Bowery section of Manhattan in the mid-19th century and, despite their reputation as one of the most prominent gangs of 1800's New York, led law-abiding lifestyles for most of the week. Photo: Jacob Riis
In fact, gangs like the Dead Rabbits and Bowery Boys were political clubs that met at nights and on weekends to promote their candidates. "They would fight at the polls and sometimes beat up their opponents, but not just for fun or plunder," Anbinder says.
“Rioters did not go about with swords and broadaxes. Every once in a while, one person would have one, but never whole mobs armed like that.”
So why fight? Nearly every scuffle was designed to help a gang's chosen candidate into public office. Once there, the candidate would reciprocate, bestowing good, steady-paying patronage jobs and municipal funds on his constituency.
Anbinder also faults the movie for its emphasis on Catholic-Protestant conflict. Most fighting was among gangs of Irish-Catholic Five Pointers. And it was rarely as bloody or deadly as in the movie. "Rioters did not go about with swords and broadaxes. Every once in a while, one person would have one, but never whole mobs armed like that."
Resurrecting Five Points for the Screen
Martin Scorsese directing Leonardo DiCaprio in "Gangs of New York" (Image: courtesy of Miramax)
In the post-Civil War period, the Irish gangs' efforts on behalf of political candidates were paying off. Now with more say in the halls of government and better livelihoods, the Irish gladly ceded Five Points to new nations of strivers, mostly Italians and Chinese. But the squalor stayed on.
Image: courtesy of Miramax
Reconstructing Five Points and other Manhattan locales from scratch at a Cinecittà, a Rome studio, Gangs of New York production designer Dante Ferretti was determined to get that squalor—and the rest of the slum—just right.
Cinecittà (Italian: Cinema City) is a large film studio in Rome that is considered the hub of Italian cinema. The studios were founded on April 21, 1937
Working from archival photographs, records, and illustrations, Ferretti says he "built everything as the original buildings were built—in brick, stone, cobblestones, and wood—not like in Gladiator or Lord of the Rings or other movies where they use a lot of digital effects."
William "Bill the Butcher" Cutting's U.S.-born nativist gang, the Natives – played in "Gangs of New York" by Daniel Day-Lewis (center, with handlebar mustache) leads his Bowery Boys into battle in Paradise Square. The square was meticulously recreated for the film Gangs of New York. Image: courtesy of Miramax
Liam Neeson as "Priest" Vallon. Image: courtesy of Miramax
Dead Rabbits – This crew of Irish immigrants was one of the most feared gangs to emerge from Five Points. Leonardo DiCaprio acting in "The Gangs of New York." Image: courtesy of Miramax
Though accurate in terms of size and materials, the new Five Points was just that at first—too new. "I had a special crew for aging everything with plaster, paint, patinas," Ferretti says. "A really huge, huge job." In the end, he says, "everything was correct."
As proof of authenticity, Ferretti says, "In the movie you see many scenes that are like Jacob Riis pictures."
“Scorsese knows much more history than is portrayed in the movie. He wanted to make a dramatic statement, he didn’t want to make a documentary.”
The Fall of Five Points
Image: courtesy of Miramax
In the 1890s crusading photographer Jacob Riis's unprecedented images of crowded tenements, child laborers, and places like Bandit's Roost incited a public outcry that led the city to raze Mulberry Bend, Five Points' most notorious block.
Around 1888, men gather in an alley called Bandits Roost in Manhattans Five Points neighborhood, the setting of the movie Gangs of New York. This and other Jacob Riis photographs inspired the city to raze the notorious Mulberry Bend block—and Bandits Roost with it. Photo: Jacob Riis
Its heart cut out, the slum was overtaken by neighborhoods to the north—Little Italy and Chinatown. Courthouses and factories replaced its southern tenements.
Photo: Jacob Riis
Today the Five Points intersection is buried largely beneath Chinatown's Columbus Park and a federal courthouse (Take a virtual tour on Google Earth).
Though historian Tyler Anbinder has quibbles with Gangs of New York's Five Points, he gives the film points for overall accuracy.
"The overall theme of the movie Scorsese gets exactly right: When the Irish first came to America they were persecuted and they literally did have to fight for their fair share of what America had to offer," Anbinder says.
And as they say, it's only a movie. "Scorsese knows much more history than is portrayed in the movie," Anbinder says. "He wanted to make a dramatic statement, he didn't want to make a documentary."
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